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Harvard Referencing guidelines

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

What is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)?

A digital object identifier (DOI) is a character string (a "digital identifier") used for identifying content objects in the digital environment, such as an electronic document.

DOI names are used to provide current information, including where they (or information about them) can be found on the Internet. Information about a digital object may change over time, including where to find it, but its DOI name will not change.

To find a document using a DOI

  1. Copy the DOI of the document you want to open and paste into search box at http://dx.doi.org

More information

Referencing E Books

E Books

 

 

General E book Template

  • Author (If editor; use abbreviation Ed(s) after name) 
  • Year of publication (in round brackets)
  • Title (in Italics)
  • Available at: url or database
  • [Date accessed]

Note: Where the e-book is available in PDF format it should be referenced as a printed book. (Inset the Publisher and Place of Publishing instead of source and date information).

Note: E-books often lack page numbers (though PDF will have them). If page numbers are not available on eBooks readers, use the chapters or section headers instead for indicating the location of a quoted section.

Include the book’s DOI (digital object identifier) or where you downloaded the e-book from (if there is no DOI)
E Book as PDF 

(West, 2016)

West, M. (2016) The psychology of meditation: research and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press
E Book on College Journal Database  Van Hulsteyn states..... (2013 p.28) Van Hulsteyn, P. (2013) Yoga and Parkinson's disease: a journey to health and healing. New York: demosHealth. Available at https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/aitie/reader.action?docID=1336609 [Accessed 9 February 2022].
E Book on College Journal Database: example 2  (Chakrabarti, 2007, sec. 13.1.1) ...

Chakrabarti, S. (2007) Handbook of offshore engineering. Available at Science Direct Database [Accessed 30 September 2012].

If a digital object identifier (DOI) is available include that also

Chakrabarti, S. (2007) Handbook of offshore engineering. Available at: Science Direct Database, DOI 10.1016/B978-008044381-2.50000-X [Accessed 30 September 2012].
Kindle Book Example

(Adams, 1979, 22% )

Note if no page number is available use Loc, % or section as appropriate

Author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of ebook: subtitle if any [E-Reader name]. Edition followed by ed. (if
not the first edition) Place of publication (if any): Publisher.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy. [Kindle], London: Penguin. 
Audio Book  ( Hawkins, 2002) 

Author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of ebook: subtitle if any [AudioBook]. Edition followed by ed. (if
not the first edition) Place of publication (if any): Publisher.

Hawkins, David R. (2020). The map of consciousness explained. [Audiobook], New York: Hayhouse